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dog secrets Advice
It seems it should be obvious - they've done the action with success many times before - but today they are just 'being obstinate'. But a nearly equal number will underestimate the time, skill and elbow grease it takes to do it as it needs to be done - Especially if they are a new dog owner and have bought a high energy breed when they should have gone for a lower energy submissive type. Now bring out other techniques. When you see it give a unique voice command and hand gesture pair. "Site" the dog then move the treat to the ground just in front of the nose.As a result, it can be frustrating to repeat the same command over and over, only to have the dog apparently ignore you. Minimize noise and movement distractions during the training session. Associate a unique hand signal and tone with the command. Physical punishment just isn't an effective training technique.At first the dog will have no idea why you're so happy.Repetition, consistency (reward only for the proper action), and enthusiasm will quickly lead to learning the 'sit'. But if these are not the results you desire, be prepared to change YOUR behaviour, before you try to alter the dog's. But they don't reason out or get context the way humans do. To start take advantage of spontaneous behavior. We can wsh it were so but it's not and never will be! Though the average grown dog has a mental development someplace approximately on the level of a human two year old, there are more deviations than there are similarities.Patience is the number one required quality, therefore. Take special care with young hips - don't force a completely uncooperative dog this way. You have to be geared up to repeat the same order, day in and day out, and occasionally not get the same outcome. Never reward until the behavior is complete - Also don't become tense or angry after failure.Some dogs likely are what would, in humans, be called obstinate. When the behavior is complete, praise lavishly. At first, the dog will have no idea why it's being praised but it
Wikipedia on dog secrets
Xanax is the main and most commonly known brand name for Alprazolam. There is a large variety of generic brand names for Alprazolam in use throughout the world. In English-speaking countries, Alprazolam is sold under the following brand names: Aloram, Alprax, Alprox, Alzam, Anxirid, Apo-Alpraz, Azor, Calmax, Frontal, Frontin, Gerax, Helex, Kalma, Kinax, Neurol, Novo-Alprazol, Nu-Alpraz, Restyl, Trankimazin, Xanax, Xanor, Zopax, Trika . It is also commonly known as "Handles", "T-Bars", "White Tees", "Xanies (Pronounced ZAN-eez)", "Sticks", "Totem Poles", "Ladders", "Bars", "Yellow Buses", "French Fries", "Footballs" and "Paint Thinner" when laced, when sold or used illicitly.
Packaging
Imprints vary depending on drug manufacturer. The imprints above refer to the name-brand design in the United States and other first world countries, however, every variety of alprazolam is generically available and thus individual pill design is left up to the manufacturer.
Side effects
Side effects of alprazolam may occur in patients and are more likely the higher the dosage taken. If signs of an allergic reaction occur such as hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of face, lips, tongue or throat occur medical attention should be sought immediately. Medical attention should also be sought immediately if signs of jaundice appear such as yellowing of the skin or eyes. Other side effects which may occur are as follows:
- drowsiness
- decreased inhibitions, no fear of danger (increased risk taking behavior)
- depressed mood with thoughts of suicide or self harm
- hallucinations, agitation and hostility
- hyperactivity
- feeling dizziness, light headed or fainting
- urinating less than usual or not at all
- headache, fatigue, joint pain and unusual weakness (flu like symptoms)
- speech problems,
- complete memory loss, (amnesia) and concentration problems
- changes in appetite (including changes in weight)
- blurred vision, unsteadiness and clumsiness (impaired coordination and balance)
- constipation, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting
- decreased sex drive
- dry mouth or increased salivation
- nervousness, restlessness, sleeplessness (insomnia) and sweating
- pounding in the chest or rapid heartbeat
- skin inflammation
- muscle twitching, tremor and seizure (convulsions)
Physical dependence and withdrawal
There is a consensus among psychiatrists today that alprazolam and other benzodiazepines cause withdrawal symptoms after long-term treatment and discontinuation should be done gradually over a period of months (or even up to a year) to avoid serious withdrawal symptoms such as agitation, panic attacks, rebound anxiety, muscle cramps and seizures. Some patients on alprazolam (Xanax) may benefit from a substitution with diazepam (Valium) or chlordiazepoxide (Librium) as these drugs remain in the bloodstream longer and therefore have less potential for abuse and dependence. There is a higher chance of withdrawal symptoms if the drug is administered in a higher dosage than recommended, or if a patient stops taking the medication altogether without slowly helping your body wean itself off the drug. If you feel the need to end treatment with alprazolam, consult your doctor/physician before discontinuing medication. Some immediate symptoms of alprazolam withdrawal include:
Common Withdrawal Symptoms
- A rapid/random heartbeat (Tachycardia)
- Depression
- Dry mouth/chapped lips
- Temporary inability to stop talking/moving (OCD)
- Mental sensitivity
- Strong loss of appetite
- Extreme Insomnia
- Anxiety
- Dizziness
- Minor tremors
Possible/Less Common Withdrawal Symptoms
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
- Panic attacks
- Mood swings
- Heart palpitations
- Hallucinations
- Memory loss
- Seizures
- Fever
Patients treated with alprazolam or other benzodiazepines for generalized anxiety disorder were found (when abruptly discontinuing their medication) to experience withdrawal symptoms such as a worsening of anxiety, as well as the development of physical withdrawal symptoms.
Patients taking a dosing regimen larger than 4 mg per day have an increased potential for dependence. This medication may cause withdrawal symptoms, which in some cases have been known to cause seizures. The discontinuation of this medication may also cause a reaction called rebound anxiety. Other withdrawal effects reported from discontinuing alprazolam therapy include homicidal ideation, rage reactions, hyperalertness, increased nightmares, and intrusive thoughts.
After 8 - 9 weeks of alprazolam taken at a fixed prescribed dose, the following symptoms have been found to occur during abrupt discontinuation: dysphoric mood, fatigue, low energy, confusion, and elevated systolic blood pressure, severe anxiety.
When a patient discontinues use, they may experience the symptoms they had before taking medication. Symptoms may also be accompanied by other reactions including changes in mood, anxiety, or sleep. Rebound anxiety is usually a result of abrupt discontinuation of this medication; patients who taper off are less likely to experience these symptoms.
Physical dependence is the major limiting factor against long-term use of alprazolam and other benzodiazepines.
Factors which determine the severity of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome experienced during dose reduction of alprazolam include:
- dosage
- length of use
- frequency of dosing
- method of withdrawal
- personality characteristics of the individual
- previous use of cross dependent/cross tolerant drugs (alcohol or other sedative hypnotic drugs)
- current use of cross dependent/cross tolerant drugs (alcohol or other sedative hypnotic drugs)
- Use of short-acting high potency benzodiazepines for example alprazolam or lorazepam
Alprazolam has an exceptional history insofar soon after its introduction a large number of case reports were published in the medical literature of severe withdrawal symptoms related case reports of withdrawal psychoses, seizures and intense rebound anxiety upon discontinuation of alprazolam. In the United States a survey of physicians showed that 84% of physicians reported alprazolam as being extremely problematic in terms of the severity and prolonged nature of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome after discontinuation.
However, in 1993 the New England Journal of Medicine reported there is no reliable evidence to support the existence of a persistent benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, and this syndrome has been described only in anecdotal reports, with patients typically reporting "withdrawal" symptoms not present during or before benzodiazepine treatment that persist for many months or years after treatment is stopped. Experimental neuropharmacologic studies document that all the side effects of benzodiazepines, whether behavioral or neurochemical, disappear within several days or weeks after the drug is eliminated. The weight of evidence indicates that any new symptoms that persist for more than two months after the last dose of a benzodiazepine either are part of the premorbid condition or have appeared by coincidence or as a consequence of the natural history of the underlying illness.
The benzodiazepines diazepam(Valium) and oxazepam(Seresta) were found to produce less severe withdrawal symptoms than alprazolam(Xanax) or lorazepam(Temesta/Ativan).
Alprazolam should never be abruptly discontinued if taken regularly for any length of time because severe withdrawal symptoms may occur. Severe psychosis and seizures have been reported in the medical literature from abrupt alprazolam withdrawal, and one death occurred from withdrawal-related seizures after gradual dose reduction.
Contraindications
Use of alprazolam should be avoided, or carefully monitored by medical professionals, in individuals with the following conditions:
- Myasthenia gravis
- Acute narrow-angle glaucoma
- Severe liver deficiencies (e.g., cirrhosis)
- Severe sleep apnea
- Pre-existing respiratory depression
- Marked neuromuscular respiratory weakness including unstable myasthenia gravis
- Acute pulmonary insufficiency
- Chronic psychosis
- Hypersensitivity or allergy to alprazolam or other drugs in the benzodiazepine class
- Borderline personality disorder (may induce suicidality and dyscontrol), however correlation does not imply causation, as these behaviors are seen in unmedicated BPD patients.
Overdose
Overdoses can be mild to severe depending on how much of the drug is taken and if any other depressants have been taken. Xanax overdose reflect the central nervous system depression of the brain and may include one or more of the following symptoms:
- Somnolence (difficulty staying awake)
- Mental confusion
- Hypotension
-
Impaired motor functions
- Impaired or absent reflexes
- Impaired balance
- Dizziness
- Hypoventilation (Respiratory Depression)
- Coma
- Death
About 50% of the cases of death involving alprazolam were attributed to combined drug toxicity of alprazolam and another drug, most often cocaine and methadone. Only 1% of such deaths was attributed to alprazolam alone.
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